响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖工艺的研究

采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取液料比、超声波时间以及超声波功率3个因素结合Box-Behnken试验建立数学模型,分析考察3个因素对薏苡仁低聚糖响应值的影响程度,优化工艺参数。各因素对薏苡仁低聚糖提取率影响程度从大到小顺序依次为:超声波功率超声波时间液料比。响应面设计法优化出其最佳超声波提取条件为:超声波温度70℃,液料比33∶1(m L/g),超声波时间27 min,超声波功率450 W。在该条件下,薏苡仁低聚糖提取率为0.94%,与模型预测值0.98%接近。说明使用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件是可行的。     

Seed growth of three perennial ryegrass cultivars sown on two dates and treated with trinexapac ethyl straw shortener

First‐year crops of diploid perennial ryegrass (cvs. Meridian, Bronsyn and Grasslands Impact) were sown on 1 April and 14 May 2008. Applications of trinexapac ethyl (TE) plant growth regulator at 0, 200 and 400 g a.i. ha^?1 were used to shorten stems to examine the impact of seed growth. Seed filling followed a consistent sigmoidal growth pattern with a lag phase of 127°C days, and linear duration of 390°C days. Time to 95% of final seed weight was 517°C days. Seed yield increases from TE were from higher numbers of first‐grade seeds m^?2, achieved by a higher rate of seed filling during the linear phase of 0·115 mg per °C day per spike. For all cultivars, the maximum stem dry weight occurred at 310–400°C days post‐anthesis, which suggest the stem was a strong sink. As seeds developed, their demand for assimilate increased and they drew more from the stem. At harvest, stem weights from TE treatments were 25% heavier than at anthesis, while untreated ‘Bronsyn’ and ‘Grasslands Impact’ stems were similar to those at anthesis. Thus, stems treated with TE contributed assimilates to increase seed yield but were still a net sink with assimilates in the stem at harvest. Trinexapac ethyl rate induced an inverse relationship between seed yield and stem height. This showed that competition for assimilate between stems and growing seeds limited the seed yield. Management or genetic factors that reduce stem height are likely to increase seed yields of perennial ryegrass.     

Selection efficiency of high inorganic phosphorus-low stachyose lines from soybean breeding populations of different genetic backgrounds

Reducing the antinutritional components of soybean (Glycine max) seed is necessary for producing animal feed with increased metabolizable energy and nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate marker-assisted and phenotypic selection for the high inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and low stachyose traits controlled by the Lpa and MIPS1 mutations in six breeding populations. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying Lpa mutations using Pi was reliable, but the assay should include parental genotypes to construct thresholds before performing selections, as the effect of Lpa on Pi depends on genetic background. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying MIPS1 using Pi should be complemented with sugar data because selection based solely on Pi may be inefficient, as this trait is not environmentally stable in MIPS1 germplasm. Marker-assisted selection for simple sequence repeat (SSR) linked to Lpa2 (Satt527, Satt561) depended on the pedigree of the population suggesting that perfect markers (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism) should become the molecular tool for screening a large number of progenies with high efficiency.     

菠萝蜜种子淀粉制备香草兰微胶囊的工艺研究

以菠萝蜜种子淀粉为壁材,采用饱和水溶液法制备香草兰精油微胶囊,以包埋产率为指标,采用响应面分析法对微胶囊的包埋条件进行优化探讨。结果表明:5个单因素中,影响最显著的因素为壁芯材比例、包埋温度和包埋时间。响应面优化得到香草兰精油微胶囊的最佳工艺条件为壁芯材比例为7.5∶1;包埋时间72 min;包埋温度54℃,此条件下的包埋产率为(95.46±0.2)%,包埋率为(76.35±0.6)%,载油量为(27.73±0.3)%。试验证明,此条件结果与模型预测值相吻合,此工艺条件可为菠萝蜜种子淀粉包埋香草兰精油微胶囊工艺提供理论依据。     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

Simultaneous selection for seed and forage production in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata): application of drought tolerance and susceptibility indices

An experiment was conducted to estimate drought tolerance of some cocksfoot genotypes based on seed and forage yield and related indices (including tolerance index, mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, reduction percentage index, stress tolerance index and stress susceptibility index) and to identify relationships between measured traits. Twenty‐five genotypes were evaluated in the field under control and drought‐stress environments over 2 years. The results revealed a high variation for seed yield and forage yield and the measured indices under both moisture conditions. No correlation was observed between seed yield and forage yield under the control treatment, but this correlation was positively significant under the water‐stress treatment. Drought‐tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified based on seed and forage yield performance. Genotypes 2, 4 and 7 had high seed yield, while genotypes 7 and 10 had high forage yield under both stressed and non‐stressed conditions and were identified as the most tolerant genotypes in each category. The results also revealed that genotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 24 had relatively high seed and forage yield in both control and drought‐stressed conditions. These genotypes can be used for further studies to improve both seed and forage yields concurrently.     

中国工业大麻种业创新发展策略研究

工业大麻是重要的经济作物，中国是工业大麻生产和出口大国。然而，工业大麻种业发展滞后对我国工业大麻高质量发展提出严峻挑战的问题。本研究采用实地调研和文献综述的方法，分析了当前国内工业大麻种业的发展态势和存在的问题，探讨我国工业大麻种业创新发展路径。研究表明，我国工业大麻种业构建了全国行业标准和地方法律规范相结合的政策保障体系，推动了育种创新主体由公益性科研院所向企业转变，创建了以多用途为特色的育种技术体系，形成了良种区域化的种植格局和技术服务体系，奠定了该产业创新发展的基础。但缺乏国家层面或跨区域协同的工业大麻法规体系、育种繁种技术资源分散和低效率共存、面临国外种业知识产权布局先发优势挑战、商业化育种体系不完善等问题成为主要障碍。因此，提出了加快完善政策保障体系、培育多元育种体系、打造生产经营体系、构建国际合作体系，以期提升工业大麻种业创新发展能力。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果及安全性评价

为减少水稻抽穗前田间稻纵卷叶螟的化学防治次数及用药量，降低对天敌的伤害及农药残留，最终实现稻纵卷叶螟的简约化防控，采用氯虫苯甲酰胺对水稻种子进行拌种处理，室内测定了药剂拌种对种子发芽的安全性，并结合不同栽培模式下的田间试验，评价了不同用量下氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种对稻纵卷叶螟的控制时长及保叶效果，明确了药剂拌种对天敌蜘蛛的影响及最终残留情况。结果表明:当氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分用量30~120 g/hm2拌种时，对种子的发芽率及出苗均无影响。直播稻模式下，氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分60 g/hm2拌种，播种后110 d，其保叶效果仍高达97.13%；旱育手栽秧模式下，氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分90 g/hm2拌种，播种后108 d保叶效果为82%以上，旱育机插秧模式下按有效成分90~120 g/hm2拌种，播种后90 d保叶效果仍在95%以上；3种模式下拌种处理的保叶效果及持效期均远优于常规喷雾防治。研究表明，利用氯虫苯甲酰胺对水稻种子进行拌种处理，可有效控制水稻前期及中期稻纵卷叶螟的为害，降低后期田间虫口基数，并且对田间天敌蜘蛛安全性高，同时在收获的稻谷中未检出氯虫苯甲酰胺残留(残留量低于定量限0.000 8 mg/kg)。在江苏省丘陵地区粳稻区应用氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种处理，可确保水稻直至抽穗初期无需再进行稻纵卷叶螟的防治，并可显著减少后期稻纵卷叶螟虫源基数，实现稻纵卷叶螟的简约化防治。     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高，拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展，但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像，结合实地调研，采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法，研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年，拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势，年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内，温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段，各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内，拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%，达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%，温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移，向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移，海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%，坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地，减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力，区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机设计与试验

针对油茶果批量脱壳后壳籽混杂、人力分选效率低的问题，研究设计了一种融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机。根据油茶果壳、籽与倾斜传送带间摩擦角、碰撞系数的差异，设计振动皮带筛进行初分选；利用两者灰度差异，对壳中残留籽进行二次光电分选。对皮带筛上油茶果壳、籽进行运动学与动力学分析，发现皮带倾角、皮带速度和振动频率是影响振动初分选率的主要因素；以籽箱清洁率、壳中含籽率为试验指标，开展正交旋转组合试验。当皮带倾角为19°、皮带速度为1.50m/s、振动频率为55.40Hz时，其籽箱清洁率为95.52%、壳中含籽率为24.30%，对最优参数进行试验验证，优化结果可靠。对不同茶籽比率的物料进行光电分选试验，结果表明籽箱清洁率稳定在98.23%左右，壳中含籽率保持在2.34%左右，说明光电分选可准确识别并分选出混杂物料中的油茶籽。对整机进行最优参数试验验证，该机两籽箱茶籽平均清洁率可达97.55%，壳箱中含籽率为3.27%。试验结果表明，此油茶果壳籽分选机可实现油茶果壳、籽的高效分离。